jq 1.5 Manual

The manual for the development version of jq can be found here.

A jq program is a "filter": it takes an input, and produces an output. There are a lot of builtin filters for extracting a particular field of an object, or converting a number to a string, or various other standard tasks.

Filters can be combined in various ways - you can pipe the output of one filter into another filter, or collect the output of a filter into an array.

Some filters produce multiple results, for instance there's one that produces all the elements of its input array. Piping that filter into a second runs the second filter for each element of the array. Generally, things that would be done with loops and iteration in other languages are just done by gluing filters together in jq.

It's important to remember that every filter has an input and an output. Even literals like "hello" or 42 are filters - they take an input but always produce the same literal as output. Operations that combine two filters, like addition, generally feed the same input to both and combine the results. So, you can implement an averaging filter as add / length - feeding the input array both to the add filter and the length filter and then performing the division.

But that's getting ahead of ourselves. :) Let's start with something simpler:

Invoking jq

jq filters run on a stream of JSON data. The input to jq is parsed as a sequence of whitespace-separated JSON values which are passed through the provided filter one at a time. The output(s) of the filter are written to standard output, as a sequence of newline-separated JSON data.

Note: it is important to mind the shell's quoting rules. As a general rule it's best to always quote (with single-quote characters) the jq program, as too many characters with special meaning to jq are also shell meta-characters. For example, jq "foo" will fail on most Unix shells because that will be the same as jq foo, which will generally fail because foo is not defined. When using the Windows command shell (cmd.exe) it's best to use double quotes around your jq program when given on the command-line (instead of the -f program-file option), but then double-quotes in the jq program need backslash escaping.

You can affect how jq reads and writes its input and output using some command-line options:

--null-input / -n:

Don't read any input at all. Instead, the filter is run once using null as the input. This is useful when using jq as a simple calculator or to construct JSON data from scratch.

--raw-input / -R:

Don't parse the input as JSON. Instead, each line of text is passed to the filter as a string. If combined with --slurp, then the entire input is passed to the filter as a single long string.

--slurp / -s:

Instead of running the filter for each JSON object in the input, read the entire input stream into a large array and run the filter just once.

--compact-output / -c:

By default, jq pretty-prints JSON output. Using this option will result in more compact output by instead putting each JSON object on a single line.

--raw-output / -r:

With this option, if the filter's result is a string then it will be written directly to standard output rather than being formatted as a JSON string with quotes. This can be useful for making jq filters talk to non-JSON-based systems.

--join-output / -j:

Like -r but jq won't print a newline after each output.

--ascii-output / -a:

jq usually outputs non-ASCII Unicode codepoints as UTF-8, even if the input specified them as escape sequences (like "\u03bc"). Using this option, you can force jq to produce pure ASCII output with every non-ASCII character replaced with the equivalent escape sequence.

--sort-keys / -S:

Output the fields of each object with the keys in sorted order.

--color-output / -C and --monochrome-output / -M:

By default, jq outputs colored JSON if writing to a terminal. You can force it to produce color even if writing to a pipe or a file using -C, and disable color with -M.

--tab:

Use a tab for each indentation level instead of two spaces.

--indent n:

Use the given number of spaces (no more than 7) for indentation.

--unbuffered:

Flush the output after each JSON object is printed (useful if you're piping a slow data source into jq and piping jq's output elsewhere).

--stream:

Parse the input in streaming fashion, outputting arrays of path and leaf values (scalars and empty arrays or empty objects). For example, "a" becomes [[],"a"], and [[],"a",["b"]] becomes [[0],[]], [[1],"a"], and [[2,0],"b"].

This is useful for processing very large inputs. Use this in conjunction with filtering and the reduce and foreach syntax to reduce large inputs incrementally.

--seq:

Use the application/json-seq MIME type scheme for separating JSON texts in jq's input and output. This means that an ASCII RS (record separator) character is printed before each value on output and an ASCII LF (line feed) is printed after every output. Input JSON texts that fail to parse are ignored (but warned about), discarding all subsequent input until the next RS. This mode also parses the output of jq without the --seq option.

-f filename / --from-file filename:

Read filter from the file rather than from a command line, like awk's -f option. You can also use '#' to make comments.

-L directory:

Prepend directory to the search list for modules. If this option is used then no builtin search list is used. See the section on modules below.

--arg name value:

This option passes a value to the jq program as a predefined variable. If you run jq with --arg foo bar, then $foo is available in the program and has the value "bar". Note that value will be treated as a string, so --arg foo 123 will bind $foo to "123".

--argjson name JSON-text:

This option passes a JSON-encoded value to the jq program as a predefined variable. If you run jq with --argjson foo 123, then $foo is available in the program and has the value 123.

--slurpfile variable-name filename:

This option reads all the JSON texts in the named file and binds an array of the parsed JSON values to the given global variable. If you run jq with --slurpfile foo bar, then $foo is available in the program and has an array whose elements correspond to the texts in the file named bar.

--argfile variable-name filename:

Do not use. Use --slurpfile instead.

(This option is like --slurpfile, but when the file has just one text, then that is used, else an array of texts is used as in --slurpfile.)

--exit-status / -e:

Sets the exit status of jq to 0 if the last output value was neither false nor null, 1 if the last output value was either false or null, or 4 if no valid result was ever produced. Normally jq exits with 2 if there was any usage problem or system error, 3 if there was a jq program compile error, or 0 if the jq program ran.

--version / -V:

Output the jq version and exit with zero.

--help / -h:

Output the jq help and exit with zero.

--run-tests [filename]:

Runs the tests in the given file or standard input. This must be the last option given and does not honor all preceding options. The input consists of comment lines, empty lines, and program lines followed by one input line, as many lines of output as are expected (one per output), and a terminating empty line. Compilation failure tests start with a line containing only %%FAIL, then a line containing the program to compile, then a line containing an error message to compare to the actual.

Be warned that this option can change backwards-incompatibly.

Basic filters

`.`

The absolute simplest (and least interesting) filter is .. This is a filter that takes its input and produces it unchanged as output.

Since jq by default pretty-prints all output, this trivial program can be a useful way of formatting JSON output from, say, curl.

Command	jq '.'
Input	"Hello, world!"
Output	"Hello, world!"
Run

`.foo`, `.foo.bar`

The simplest useful filter is .foo. When given a JSON object (aka dictionary or hash) as input, it produces the value at the key "foo", or null if there's none present.

If the key contains special characters or starts with a digit, you need to surround it with double quotes like this: ."foo$".

A filter of the form .foo.bar is equivalent to .foo|.bar.

Command	jq '.foo'
Input	{"foo": 42, "bar": "less interesting data"}
Output	42
Run

Command	jq '.foo'
Input	{"notfoo": true, "alsonotfoo": false}
Output	null
Run

Command	jq '.["foo"]'
Input	{"foo": 42}
Output	42
Run

`.foo?`

Just like .foo, but does not output an error when . is not an object.

Command	jq '.foo?'
Input	{"foo": 42, "bar": "less interesting data"}
Output	42
Run

Command	jq '.foo?'
Input	{"notfoo": true, "alsonotfoo": false}
Output	null
Run

Command	jq '.["foo"]?'
Input	{"foo": 42}
Output	42
Run

Command	jq '[.foo?]'
Input	[1,2]
Output	[]
Run

`.[<string>]`, `.[<number>]`, `.[<number>:<number>]`

You can also look up fields of an object using syntax like .["foo"] (.foo above is a shorthand version of this). This one works for arrays as well, if the key is an integer. Arrays are zero-based, so .[2] returns the third element of the array.

The .[10:15] syntax can be used to return a subarray of an array or substring of a string. The array returned by .[10:15] will be of length 5, containing the elements from index 10 (inclusive) to index 15 (exclusive). Either index may be negative (in which case it counts backwards from the end of the array), or omitted (in which case it refers to the start or end of the array). Indices are zero-based.

The .[2] syntax can be used to return the element at the given index. Negative indices are allowed, with -1 referring to the last element, -2 referring to the next to last element, and so on.

The .foo syntax only works for simple keys i.e. keys that are all alphanumeric characters. .[<string>] works with keys that contain special characters such as colons and dots. For example .["foo::bar"] and .["foo.bar"] work while .foo::bar and .foo.bar would not.

The ? "operator" can also be used with the slice operator, as in .[10:15]?, which outputs values where the inputs are slice-able.

Command	jq '.[0]'
Input	[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]
Output	{"name":"JSON", "good":true}
Run

Command	jq '.[2]'
Input	[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]
Output	null
Run

Command	jq '.[2:4]'
Input	["a","b","c","d","e"]
Output	["c", "d"]
Run

Command	jq '.[2:4]'
Input	"abcdefghi"
Output	"cd"
Run

Command	jq '.[:3]'
Input	["a","b","c","d","e"]
Output	["a", "b", "c"]
Run

Command	jq '.[-2:]'
Input	["a","b","c","d","e"]
Output	["d", "e"]
Run

Command	jq '.[-2]'
Input	[1,2,3]
Output	2
Run

`.[]`

If you use the .[index] syntax, but omit the index entirely, it will return all of the elements of an array. Running .[] with the input [1,2,3] will produce the numbers as three separate results, rather than as a single array. A filter of the form .foo[] is equivalent to .foo | .[].

You can also use this on an object, and it will return all the values of the object.

Command	jq '.[]'
Input	[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]
Output	{"name":"JSON", "good":true}
	{"name":"XML", "good":false}
Run

Command	jq '.[]'
Input	[]
Output	none
Run

Command	jq '.foo[]'
Input	{"foo":[1,2,3]}
Output	1
	2
	3
Run

Command	jq '.[]'
Input	{"a": 1, "b": 1}
Output	1
	1
Run

`.[]?`

Like .[], but no errors will be output if . is not an array or object. A filter of the form .foo[]? is equivalent to .foo | .[]?.

`,`

If two filters are separated by a comma, then the input will be fed into both and there will be multiple outputs: first, all of the outputs produced by the left expression, and then all of the outputs produced by the right. For instance, filter .foo, .bar, produces both the "foo" fields and "bar" fields as separate outputs.

Command	jq '.foo, .bar'
Input	{"foo": 42, "bar": "something else", "baz": true}
Output	42
	"something else"
Run

Command	jq '.user, .projects[]'
Input	{"user":"stedolan", "projects": ["jq", "wikiflow"]}
Output	"stedolan"
	"jq"
	"wikiflow"
Run

Command	jq '.[4,2]'
Input	["a","b","c","d","e"]
Output	"e"
	"c"
Run

`|`

The | operator combines two filters by feeding the output(s) of the one on the left into the input of the one on the right. It's pretty much the same as the Unix shell's pipe, if you're used to that.

If the one on the left produces multiple results, the one on the right will be run for each of those results. So, the expression .[] | .foo retrieves the "foo" field of each element of the input array.

Command	jq '.[] \| .name'
Input	[{"name":"JSON", "good":true}, {"name":"XML", "good":false}]
Output	"JSON"
	"XML"
Run

Types and Values

jq supports the same set of datatypes as JSON - numbers, strings, booleans, arrays, objects (which in JSON-speak are hashes with only string keys), and "null".

Booleans, null, strings and numbers are written the same way as in JSON. Just like everything else in jq, these simple values take an input and produce an output - 42 is a valid jq expression that takes an input, ignores it, and returns 42 instead.

Array construction: `[]`

As in JSON, [] is used to construct arrays, as in [1,2,3]. The elements of the arrays can be any jq expression. All of the results produced by all of the expressions are collected into one big array. You can use it to construct an array out of a known quantity of values (as in [.foo, .bar, .baz]) or to "collect" all the results of a filter into an array (as in [.items[].name])

Once you understand the "," operator, you can look at jq's array syntax in a different light: the expression [1,2,3] is not using a built-in syntax for comma-separated arrays, but is instead applying the [] operator (collect results) to the expression 1,2,3 (which produces three different results).

If you have a filter X that produces four results, then the expression [X] will produce a single result, an array of four elements.

Command	jq '[.user, .projects[]]'
Input	{"user":"stedolan", "projects": ["jq", "wikiflow"]}
Output	["stedolan", "jq", "wikiflow"]
Run

Objects: `{}`

Like JSON, {} is for constructing objects (aka dictionaries or hashes), as in: {"a": 42, "b": 17}.

If the keys are "sensible" (all alphabetic characters), then the quotes can be left off. The value can be any expression (although you may need to wrap it in parentheses if it's a complicated one), which gets applied to the {} expression's input (remember, all filters have an input and an output).

{foo: .bar}

will produce the JSON object {"foo": 42} if given the JSON object {"bar":42, "baz":43}. You can use this to select particular fields of an object: if the input is an object with "user", "title", "id", and "content" fields and you just want "user" and "title", you can write

{user: .user, title: .title}

Because that's so common, there's a shortcut syntax: {user, title}.

If one of the expressions produces multiple results, multiple dictionaries will be produced. If the input's

{"user":"stedolan","titles":["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}

then the expression

{user, title: .titles[]}

will produce two outputs:

{"user":"stedolan", "title": "JQ Primer"}
{"user":"stedolan", "title": "More JQ"}

Putting parentheses around the key means it will be evaluated as an expression. With the same input as above,

{(.user): .titles}

produces

{"stedolan": ["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}

Command	jq '{user, title: .titles[]}'
Input	{"user":"stedolan","titles":["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}
Output	{"user":"stedolan", "title": "JQ Primer"}
	{"user":"stedolan", "title": "More JQ"}
Run

Command	jq '{(.user): .titles}'
Input	{"user":"stedolan","titles":["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}
Output	{"stedolan": ["JQ Primer", "More JQ"]}
Run

Builtin operators and functions

Some jq operators (for instance, +) do different things depending on the type of their arguments (arrays, numbers, etc.). However, jq never does implicit type conversions. If you try to add a string to an object you'll get an error message and no result.

Addition: `+`

The operator + takes two filters, applies them both to the same input, and adds the results together. What "adding" means depends on the types involved:

Numbers are added by normal arithmetic.
Arrays are added by being concatenated into a larger array.
Strings are added by being joined into a larger string.
Objects are added by merging, that is, inserting all the key-value pairs from both objects into a single combined object. If both objects contain a value for the same key, the object on the right of the + wins. (For recursive merge use the * operator.)

null can be added to any value, and returns the other value unchanged.

Command	jq '.a + 1'
Input	{"a": 7}
Output	8
Run

Command	jq '.a + .b'
Input	{"a": [1,2], "b": [3,4]}
Output	[1,2,3,4]
Run

Command	jq '.a + null'
Input	{"a": 1}
Output	1
Run

Command	jq '.a + 1'
Input	{}
Output	1
Run

Command	jq '{a: 1} + {b: 2} + {c: 3} + {a: 42}'
Input	null
Output	{"a": 42, "b": 2, "c": 3}
Run

Subtraction: `-`

As well as normal arithmetic subtraction on numbers, the - operator can be used on arrays to remove all occurrences of the second array's elements from the first array.

Command	jq '4 - .a'
Input	{"a":3}
Output	1
Run

Command	jq '. - ["xml", "yaml"]'
Input	["xml", "yaml", "json"]
Output	["json"]
Run

Multiplication, division, modulo: `*`, `/`, `%`

These infix operators behave as expected when given two numbers. Division by zero raises an error. x % y computes x modulo y.

Multiplying a string by a number produces the concatenation of that string that many times. "x" * 0 produces null.

Dividing a string by another splits the first using the second as separators.

Multiplying two objects will merge them recursively: this works like addition but if both objects contain a value for the same key, and the values are objects, the two are merged with the same strategy.

Command	jq '10 / . * 3'
Input	5
Output	6
Run

Command	jq '. / ", "'
Input	"a, b,c,d, e"
Output	["a","b,c,d","e"]
Run

Command	jq '{"k": {"a": 1, "b": 2}} * {"k": {"a": 0,"c": 3}}'
Input	null
Output	{"k": {"a": 0, "b": 2, "c": 3}}
Run

Command	jq '.[] \| (1 / .)?'
Input	[1,0,-1]
Output	1
	-1
Run

`length`

The builtin function length gets the length of various different types of value:

The length of a string is the number of Unicode codepoints it contains (which will be the same as its JSON-encoded length in bytes if it's pure ASCII).
The length of an array is the number of elements.
The length of an object is the number of key-value pairs.
The length of null is zero.

Command	jq '.[] \| length'
Input	[[1,2], "string", {"a":2}, null]
Output	2
	6
	1
	0
Run

`keys`, `keys_unsorted`

The builtin function keys, when given an object, returns its keys in an array.

The keys are sorted "alphabetically", by unicode codepoint order. This is not an order that makes particular sense in any particular language, but you can count on it being the same for any two objects with the same set of keys, regardless of locale settings.

When keys is given an array, it returns the valid indices for that array: the integers from 0 to length-1.

The keys_unsorted function is just like keys, but if the input is an object then the keys will not be sorted, instead the keys will roughly be in insertion order.

Command	jq 'keys'
Input	{"abc": 1, "abcd": 2, "Foo": 3}
Output	["Foo", "abc", "abcd"]
Run

Command	jq 'keys'
Input	[42,3,35]
Output	[0,1,2]
Run

`has(key)`

The builtin function has returns whether the input object has the given key, or the input array has an element at the given index.

has($key) has the same effect as checking whether $key is a member of the array returned by keys, although has will be faster.

Command	jq 'map(has("foo"))'
Input	[{"foo": 42}, {}]
Output	[true, false]
Run

Command	jq 'map(has(2))'
Input	[[0,1], ["a","b","c"]]
Output	[false, true]
Run

`in`

The builtin function in returns whether or not the input key is in the given object, or the input index corresponds to an element in the given array. It is, essentially, an inversed version of has.

Command	jq '.[] \| in({"foo": 42})'
Input	["foo", "bar"]
Output	true
	false
Run

Command	jq 'map(in([0,1]))'
Input	[2, 0]
Output	[false, true]
Run

`path(path_expression)`

Outputs array representations of the given path expression in .. The outputs are arrays of strings (object keys) and/or numbers (array indices).

Path expressions are jq expressions like .a, but also .[]. There are two types of path expressions: ones that can match exactly, and ones that cannot. For example, .a.b.c is an exact match path expression, while .a[].b is not.

path(exact_path_expression) will produce the array representation of the path expression even if it does not exist in ., if . is null or an array or an object.

path(pattern) will produce array representations of the paths matching pattern if the paths exist in ..

Note that the path expressions are not different from normal expressions. The expression path(..|select(type=="boolean")) outputs all the paths to boolean values in ., and only those paths.

Command	jq 'path(.a[0].b)'
Input	null
Output	["a",0,"b"]
Run

Command	jq '[path(..)]'
Input	{"a":[{"b":1}]}
Output	[[],["a"],["a",0],["a",0,"b"]]
Run

`del(path_expression)`

The builtin function del removes a key and its corresponding value from an object.

Command	jq 'del(.foo)'
Input	{"foo": 42, "bar": 9001, "baz": 42}
Output	{"bar": 9001, "baz": 42}
Run

Command	jq 'del(.[1, 2])'
Input	["foo", "bar", "baz"]
Output	["foo"]
Run

`to_entries`, `from_entries`, `with_entries(f)`

These functions convert between an object and an array of key-value pairs. If to_entries is passed an object, then for each k: v entry in the input, the output array includes {"key": k, "value": v}.

from_entries does the opposite conversion, and with_entries(f) is a shorthand for to_entries | map(f) | from_entries, useful for doing some operation to all keys and values of an object. from_entries accepts "key", "Key", "Name", "value", and "Value" as keys.

Command	jq 'to_entries'
Input	{"a": 1, "b": 2}
Output	[{"key":"a", "value":1}, {"key":"b", "value":2}]
Run

Command	jq 'from_entries'
Input	[{"key":"a", "value":1}, {"key":"b", "value":2}]
Output	{"a": 1, "b": 2}
Run

Command	jq 'with_entries(.key \|= "KEY_" + .)'
Input	{"a": 1, "b": 2}
Output	{"KEY_a": 1, "KEY_b": 2}
Run

`select(boolean_expression)`

The function select(f) produces its input unchanged if f returns true for that input, and produces no output otherwise.

It's useful for filtering lists: [1,2,3] | map(select(. >= 2)) will give you [2,3].

Command	jq 'map(select(. >= 2))'
Input	[1,5,3,0,7]
Output	[5,3,7]
Run

Command	jq '.[] \| select(.id == "second")'
Input	[{"id": "first", "val": 1}, {"id": "second", "val": 2}]
Output	{"id": "second", "val": 2}
Run

`arrays`, `objects`, `iterables`, `booleans`, `numbers`, `normals`, `finites`, `strings`, `nulls`, `values`, `scalars`

These built-ins select only inputs that are arrays, objects, iterables (arrays or objects), booleans, numbers, normal numbers, finite numbers, strings, null, non-null values, and non-iterables, respectively.

Command	jq '.[]\|numbers'
Input	[[],{},1,"foo",null,true,false]
Output	1
Run

`empty`

empty returns no results. None at all. Not even null.

It's useful on occasion. You'll know if you need it :)

Command	jq '1, empty, 2'
Input	null
Output	1
	2
Run

Command	jq '[1,2,empty,3]'
Input	null
Output	[1,2,3]
Run

`error`, `error(message)`

Produces an error with the input value, or with the message given as the argument. Errors can be caught with try/catch; see below.

When the error value is null, it produces nothing and works just like empty. So [null | error] and [error(null)] both emit [].

Command	jq 'try error catch .'
Input	"error message"
Output	"error message"
Run

Command	jq 'try error("invalid value: \(.)") catch .'
Input	42
Output	"invalid value: 42"
Run

`$loc`

Produces an object with a "file" key and a "line" key, with the filename and line number where $__loc__ occurs, as values.

Command	jq 'try error("\($__loc__)") catch .'
Input	null
Output	"{\"file\":\"<top-level>\",\"line\":1}"
Run

`map(f)`, `map_values(f)`

For any filter f, map(f) will run that filter for each element of the input array, and return the outputs in a new array. map(.+1) will increment each element of an array of numbers.

Similarly, map_values(f) will run that filter for each element, but it will return an object when an object is passed.

map(f) is equivalent to [.[] | f]. In fact, this is how it's defined. Similarly, map_values(f) is defined as .[] |= f.

Command	jq 'map(.+1)'
Input	[1,2,3]
Output	[2,3,4]
Run

Command	jq 'map_values(.+1)'
Input	{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
Output	{"a": 2, "b": 3, "c": 4}
Run

`paths`, `paths(node_filter)`, `leaf_paths`

paths outputs the paths to all the elements in its input (except it does not output the empty list, representing . itself).

paths(f) outputs the paths to any values for which f is true. That is, paths(type == "number") outputs the paths to all numeric values.

leaf_paths is an alias of paths(scalars); leaf_paths is deprecated and will be removed in the next major release.

Command	jq '[paths]'
Input	[1,[[],{"a":2}]]
Output	[[0],[1],[1,0],[1,1],[1,1,"a"]]
Run

Command	jq '[paths(type == "number")]'
Input	[1,[[],{"a":2}]]
Output	[[0],[1,1,"a"]]
Run

`add`

The filter add takes as input an array, and produces as output the elements of the array added together. This might mean summed, concatenated or merged depending on the types of the elements of the input array - the rules are the same as those for the + operator (described above).

If the input is an empty array, add returns null.

Command	jq 'add'
Input	["a","b","c"]
Output	"abc"
Run

Command	jq 'add'
Input	[1, 2, 3]
Output	6
Run

Command	jq 'add'
Input	[]
Output	null
Run

`any`, `any(condition)`, `any(generator; condition)`

The filter any takes as input an array of boolean values, and produces true as output if any of the elements of the array are true.

If the input is an empty array, any returns false.

The any(condition) form applies the given condition to the elements of the input array.

The any(generator; condition) form applies the given condition to all the outputs of the given generator.

Command	jq 'any'
Input	[true, false]
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'any'
Input	[false, false]
Output	false
Run

Command	jq 'any'
Input	[]
Output	false
Run

`all`, `all(condition)`, `all(generator; condition)`

The filter all takes as input an array of boolean values, and produces true as output if all of the elements of the array are true.

The all(condition) form applies the given condition to the elements of the input array.

The all(generator; condition) form applies the given condition to all the outputs of the given generator.

If the input is an empty array, all returns true.

Command	jq 'all'
Input	[true, false]
Output	false
Run

Command	jq 'all'
Input	[true, true]
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'all'
Input	[]
Output	true
Run

`flatten`, `flatten(depth)`

The filter flatten takes as input an array of nested arrays, and produces a flat array in which all arrays inside the original array have been recursively replaced by their values. You can pass an argument to it to specify how many levels of nesting to flatten.

flatten(2) is like flatten, but going only up to two levels deep.

Command	jq 'flatten'
Input	[1, [2], [[3]]]
Output	[1, 2, 3]
Run

Command	jq 'flatten(1)'
Input	[1, [2], [[3]]]
Output	[1, 2, [3]]
Run

Command	jq 'flatten'
Input	[[]]
Output	[]
Run

Command	jq 'flatten'
Input	[{"foo": "bar"}, [{"foo": "baz"}]]
Output	[{"foo": "bar"}, {"foo": "baz"}]
Run

`range(upto)`, `range(from; upto)`, `range(from; upto; by)`

The range function produces a range of numbers. range(4; 10) produces 6 numbers, from 4 (inclusive) to 10 (exclusive). The numbers are produced as separate outputs. Use [range(4; 10)] to get a range as an array.

The one argument form generates numbers from 0 to the given number, with an increment of 1.

The two argument form generates numbers from from to upto with an increment of 1.

The three argument form generates numbers from to upto with an increment of by.

Command	jq 'range(2; 4)'
Input	null
Output	2
	3
Run

Command	jq '[range(2; 4)]'
Input	null
Output	[2,3]
Run

Command	jq '[range(4)]'
Input	null
Output	[0,1,2,3]
Run

Command	jq '[range(0; 10; 3)]'
Input	null
Output	[0,3,6,9]
Run

Command	jq '[range(0; 10; -1)]'
Input	null
Output	[]
Run

Command	jq '[range(0; -5; -1)]'
Input	null
Output	[0,-1,-2,-3,-4]
Run

`floor`

The floor function returns the floor of its numeric input.

Command	jq 'floor'
Input	3.14159
Output	3
Run

`sqrt`

The sqrt function returns the square root of its numeric input.

Command	jq 'sqrt'
Input	9
Output	3
Run

`tonumber`

The tonumber function parses its input as a number. It will convert correctly-formatted strings to their numeric equivalent, leave numbers alone, and give an error on all other input.

Command	jq '.[] \| tonumber'
Input	[1, "1"]
Output	1
	1
Run

`tostring`

The tostring function prints its input as a string. Strings are left unchanged, and all other values are JSON-encoded.

Command	jq '.[] \| tostring'
Input	[1, "1", [1]]
Output	"1"
	"1"
	"[1]"
Run

`type`

The type function returns the type of its argument as a string, which is one of null, boolean, number, string, array or object.

Command	jq 'map(type)'
Input	[0, false, [], {}, null, "hello"]
Output	["number", "boolean", "array", "object", "null", "string"]
Run

`infinite`, `nan`, `isinfinite`, `isnan`, `isfinite`, `isnormal`

Some arithmetic operations can yield infinities and "not a number" (NaN) values. The isinfinite builtin returns true if its input is infinite. The isnan builtin returns true if its input is a NaN. The infinite builtin returns a positive infinite value. The nan builtin returns a NaN. The isnormal builtin returns true if its input is a normal number.

Note that division by zero raises an error.

Currently most arithmetic operations operating on infinities, NaNs, and sub-normals do not raise errors.

Command	jq '.[] \| (infinite * .) < 0'
Input	[-1, 1]
Output	true
	false
Run

Command	jq 'infinite, nan \| type'
Input	null
Output	"number"
	"number"
Run

`sort`, `sort_by(path_expression)`

The sort functions sorts its input, which must be an array. Values are sorted in the following order:

null
false
true
numbers
strings, in alphabetical order (by unicode codepoint value)
arrays, in lexical order
objects

The ordering for objects is a little complex: first they're compared by comparing their sets of keys (as arrays in sorted order), and if their keys are equal then the values are compared key by key.

sort_by may be used to sort by a particular field of an object, or by applying any jq filter. sort_by(f) compares two elements by comparing the result of f on each element. When f produces multiple values, it firstly compares the first values, and the second values if the first values are equal, and so on.

Command	jq 'sort'
Input	[8,3,null,6]
Output	[null,3,6,8]
Run

Command	jq 'sort_by(.foo)'
Input	[{"foo":4, "bar":10}, {"foo":3, "bar":10}, {"foo":2, "bar":1}]
Output	[{"foo":2, "bar":1}, {"foo":3, "bar":10}, {"foo":4, "bar":10}]
Run

Command	jq 'sort_by(.foo, .bar)'
Input	[{"foo":4, "bar":10}, {"foo":3, "bar":20}, {"foo":2, "bar":1}, {"foo":3, "bar":10}]
Output	[{"foo":2, "bar":1}, {"foo":3, "bar":10}, {"foo":3, "bar":20}, {"foo":4, "bar":10}]
Run

`group_by(path_expression)`

group_by(.foo) takes as input an array, groups the elements having the same .foo field into separate arrays, and produces all of these arrays as elements of a larger array, sorted by the value of the .foo field.

Any jq expression, not just a field access, may be used in place of .foo. The sorting order is the same as described in the sort function above.

Command	jq 'group_by(.foo)'
Input	[{"foo":1, "bar":10}, {"foo":3, "bar":100}, {"foo":1, "bar":1}]
Output	[[{"foo":1, "bar":10}, {"foo":1, "bar":1}], [{"foo":3, "bar":100}]]
Run

`min`, `max`, `min_by(path_exp)`, `max_by(path_exp)`

Find the minimum or maximum element of the input array.

The min_by(path_exp) and max_by(path_exp) functions allow you to specify a particular field or property to examine, e.g. min_by(.foo) finds the object with the smallest foo field.

Command	jq 'min'
Input	[5,4,2,7]
Output	2
Run

Command	jq 'max_by(.foo)'
Input	[{"foo":1, "bar":14}, {"foo":2, "bar":3}]
Output	{"foo":2, "bar":3}
Run

`unique`, `unique_by(path_exp)`

The unique function takes as input an array and produces an array of the same elements, in sorted order, with duplicates removed.

The unique_by(path_exp) function will keep only one element for each value obtained by applying the argument. Think of it as making an array by taking one element out of every group produced by group.

Command	jq 'unique'
Input	[1,2,5,3,5,3,1,3]
Output	[1,2,3,5]
Run

Command	jq 'unique_by(.foo)'
Input	[{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}, {"foo": 1, "bar": 3}, {"foo": 4, "bar": 5}]
Output	[{"foo": 1, "bar": 2}, {"foo": 4, "bar": 5}]
Run

Command	jq 'unique_by(length)'
Input	["chunky", "bacon", "kitten", "cicada", "asparagus"]
Output	["bacon", "chunky", "asparagus"]
Run

`reverse`

This function reverses an array.

Command	jq 'reverse'
Input	[1,2,3,4]
Output	[4,3,2,1]
Run

`contains(element)`

The filter contains(b) will produce true if b is completely contained within the input. A string B is contained in a string A if B is a substring of A. An array B is contained in an array A if all elements in B are contained in any element in A. An object B is contained in object A if all of the values in B are contained in the value in A with the same key. All other types are assumed to be contained in each other if they are equal.

Command	jq 'contains("bar")'
Input	"foobar"
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'contains(["baz", "bar"])'
Input	["foobar", "foobaz", "blarp"]
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'contains(["bazzzzz", "bar"])'
Input	["foobar", "foobaz", "blarp"]
Output	false
Run

Command	jq 'contains({foo: 12, bar: [{barp: 12}]})'
Input	{"foo": 12, "bar":[1,2,{"barp":12, "blip":13}]}
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'contains({foo: 12, bar: [{barp: 15}]})'
Input	{"foo": 12, "bar":[1,2,{"barp":12, "blip":13}]}
Output	false
Run

`indices(s)`

Outputs an array containing the indices in . where s occurs. The input may be an array, in which case if s is an array then the indices output will be those where all elements in . match those of s.

Command	jq 'indices(", ")'
Input	"a,b, cd, efg, hijk"
Output	[3,7,12]
Run

Command	jq 'indices(1)'
Input	[0,1,2,1,3,1,4]
Output	[1,3,5]
Run

Command	jq 'indices([1,2])'
Input	[0,1,2,3,1,4,2,5,1,2,6,7]
Output	[1,8]
Run

`index(s)`, `rindex(s)`

Outputs the index of the first (index) or last (rindex) occurrence of s in the input.

Command	jq 'index(", ")'
Input	"a,b, cd, efg, hijk"
Output	3
Run

Command	jq 'index(1)'
Input	[0,1,2,1,3,1,4]
Output	1
Run

Command	jq 'index([1,2])'
Input	[0,1,2,3,1,4,2,5,1,2,6,7]
Output	1
Run

Command	jq 'rindex(", ")'
Input	"a,b, cd, efg, hijk"
Output	12
Run

Command	jq 'rindex(1)'
Input	[0,1,2,1,3,1,4]
Output	5
Run

Command	jq 'rindex([1,2])'
Input	[0,1,2,3,1,4,2,5,1,2,6,7]
Output	8
Run

`inside`

The filter inside(b) will produce true if the input is completely contained within b. It is, essentially, an inversed version of contains.

Command	jq 'inside("foobar")'
Input	"bar"
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'inside(["foobar", "foobaz", "blarp"])'
Input	["baz", "bar"]
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'inside(["foobar", "foobaz", "blarp"])'
Input	["bazzzzz", "bar"]
Output	false
Run

Command	jq 'inside({"foo": 12, "bar":[1,2,{"barp":12, "blip":13}]})'
Input	{"foo": 12, "bar": [{"barp": 12}]}
Output	true
Run

Command	jq 'inside({"foo": 12, "bar":[1,2,{"barp":12, "blip":13}]})'
Input	{"foo": 12, "bar": [{"barp": 15}]}
Output	false
Run

`startswith(str)`

Outputs true if . starts with the given string argument.

Command	jq '[.[]\|startswith("foo")]'
Input	["fo", "foo", "barfoo", "foobar", "barfoob"]
Output	[false, true, false, true, false]
Run

`endswith(str)`

Outputs true if . ends with the given string argument.

Command	jq '[.[]\|endswith("foo")]'
Input	["foobar", "barfoo"]
Output	[false, true]
Run

`combinations`, `combinations(n)`

Outputs all combinations of the elements of the arrays in the input array. If given an argument n, it outputs all combinations of n repetitions of the input array.

Command	jq 'combinations'
Input	[[1,2], [3, 4]]
Output	[1, 3]
	[1, 4]
	[2, 3]
	[2, 4]
Run

Command	jq 'combinations(2)'
Input	[0, 1]
Output	[0, 0]
	[0, 1]
	[1, 0]
	[1, 1]
Run

`ltrimstr(str)`

Outputs its input with the given prefix string removed, if it starts with it.

Command	jq '[.[]\|ltrimstr("foo")]'
Input	["fo", "foo", "barfoo", "foobar", "afoo"]
Output	["fo","","barfoo","bar","afoo"]
Run

`rtrimstr(str)`

Outputs its input with the given suffix string removed, if it ends with it.

Command	jq '[.[]\|rtrimstr("foo")]'
Input	["fo", "foo", "barfoo", "foobar", "foob"]
Output	["fo","","bar","foobar","foob"]
Run

`explode`

Converts an input string into an array of the string's codepoint numbers.

Command	jq 'explode'
Input	"foobar"
Output	[102,111,111,98,97,114]
Run

`implode`

The inverse of explode.

Command	jq 'implode'
Input	[65, 66, 67]
Output	"ABC"
Run

`split`

Splits an input string on the separator argument.

Command	jq 'split(", ")'
Input	"a, b,c,d, e, "
Output	["a","b,c,d","e",""]
Run

`join(str)`

Joins the array of elements given as input, using the argument as separator. It is the inverse of split: that is, running split("foo") | join("foo") over any input string returns said input string.

Command	jq 'join(", ")'
Input	["a","b,c,d","e"]
Output	"a, b,c,d, e"
Run

`ascii_downcase`, `ascii_upcase`

Emit a copy of the input string with its alphabetic characters (a-z and A-Z) converted to the specified case.

Command	jq 'ascii_upcase'
Input	"useful but not for é"
Output	"USEFUL BUT NOT FOR é"
Run

`while(cond; update)`

The while(cond; update) function allows you to repeatedly apply an update to . until cond is false.

Note that while(cond; update) is internally defined as a recursive jq function. Recursive calls within while will not consume additional memory if update produces at most one output for each input. See advanced topics below.

Command	jq '[while(.<100; .*2)]'
Input	1
Output	[1,2,4,8,16,32,64]
Run

`until(cond; next)`

The until(cond; next) function allows you to repeatedly apply the expression next, initially to . then to its own output, until cond is true. For example, this can be used to implement a factorial function (see below).

Note that until(cond; next) is internally defined as a recursive jq function. Recursive calls within until() will not consume additional memory if next produces at most one output for each input. See advanced topics below.

Command	jq '[.,1]\|until(.[0] < 1; [.[0] - 1, .[1] * .[0]])\|.[1]'
Input	4
Output	24
Run

`recurse(f)`, `recurse`, `recurse(f; condition)`, `recurse_down`

The recurse(f) function allows you to search through a recursive structure, and extract interesting data from all levels. Suppose your input represents a filesystem:

{"name": "/", "children": [
  {"name": "/bin", "children": [
    {"name": "/bin/ls", "children": []},
    {"name": "/bin/sh", "children": []}]},
  {"name": "/home", "children": [
    {"name": "/home/stephen", "children": [
      {"name": "/home/stephen/jq", "children": []}]}]}]}

Now suppose you want to extract all of the filenames present. You need to retrieve .name, .children[].name, .children[].children[].name, and so on. You can do this with:

recurse(.children[]) | .name

When called without an argument, recurse is equivalent to recurse(.[]?).

recurse(f) is identical to recurse(f; . != null) and can be used without concerns about recursion depth.

recurse(f; condition) is a generator which begins by emitting . and then emits in turn .|f, .|f|f, .|f|f|f, ... so long as the computed value satisfies the condition. For example, to generate all the integers, at least in principle, one could write recurse(.+1; true).

For legacy reasons, recurse_down exists as an alias to calling recurse without arguments. This alias is considered deprecated and will be removed in the next major release.

The recursive calls in recurse will not consume additional memory whenever f produces at most a single output for each input.

Command	jq 'recurse(.foo[])'
Input	{"foo":[{"foo": []}, {"foo":[{"foo":[]}]}]}
Output	{"foo":[{"foo":[]},{"foo":[{"foo":[]}]}]}
	{"foo":[]}
	{"foo":[{"foo":[]}]}
	{"foo":[]}
Run

Command	jq 'recurse'
Input	{"a":0,"b":[1]}
Output	{"a":0,"b":[1]}
	0
	[1]
	1
Run

Command	jq 'recurse(. * .; . < 20)'
Input	2
Output	2
	4
	16
Run

`..`

Short-hand for recurse without arguments. This is intended to resemble the XPath // operator. Note that ..a does not work; use ..|a instead. In the example below we use ..|.a? to find all the values of object keys "a" in any object found "below" ..

Command	jq '..\|.a?'
Input	[[{"a":1}]]
Output	1
Run

`env`

Outputs an object representing jq's environment.

Command	jq 'env.PAGER'
Input	null
Output	"less"
Run

`transpose`

Transpose a possibly jagged matrix (an array of arrays). Rows are padded with nulls so the result is always rectangular.

Command	jq 'transpose'
Input	[[1], [2,3]]
Output	[[1,2],[null,3]]
Run

`bsearch(x)`

bsearch(x) conducts a binary search for x in the input array. If the input is sorted and contains x, then bsearch(x) will return its index in the array; otherwise, if the array is sorted, it will return (-1 - ix) where ix is an insertion point such that the array would still be sorted after the insertion of x at ix. If the array is not sorted, bsearch(x) will return an integer that is probably of no interest.

Command	jq 'bsearch(0)'
Input	[0,1]
Output	0
Run

Command	jq 'bsearch(0)'
Input	[1,2,3]
Output	-1
Run

Command	jq 'bsearch(4) as $ix \| if $ix < 0 then .[-(1+$ix)] = 4 else . end'
Input	[1,2,3]
Output	[1,2,3,4]
Run

String interpolation: `\(exp)`

Inside a string, you can put an expression inside parens after a backslash. Whatever the expression returns will be interpolated into the string.

Command	jq '"The input was \(.), which is one less than \(.+1)"'
Input	42
Output	"The input was 42, which is one less than 43"
Run

Convert to/from JSON

The tojson and fromjson builtins dump values as JSON texts or parse JSON texts into values, respectively. The tojson builtin differs from tostring in that tostring returns strings unmodified, while tojson encodes strings as JSON strings.

Command	jq '[.[]\|tostring]'
Input	[1, "foo", ["foo"]]
Output	["1","foo","[\"foo\"]"]
Run

Command	jq '[.[]\|tojson]'
Input	[1, "foo", ["foo"]]
Output	["1","\"foo\"","[\"foo\"]"]
Run

Command	jq '[.[]\|tojson\|fromjson]'
Input	[1, "foo", ["foo"]]
Output	[1,"foo",["foo"]]
Run

Format strings and escaping

The @foo syntax is used to format and escape strings, which is useful for building URLs, documents in a language like HTML or XML, and so forth. @foo can be used as a filter on its own, the possible escapings are:

@text:

Calls tostring, see that function for details.

@json:

Serializes the input as JSON.

@html:

Applies HTML/XML escaping, by mapping the characters <>&'" to their entity equivalents <, >, &, ', ".

@uri:

Applies percent-encoding, by mapping all reserved URI characters to a %XX sequence.

@csv:

The input must be an array, and it is rendered as CSV with double quotes for strings, and quotes escaped by repetition.

@tsv:

The input must be an array, and it is rendered as TSV (tab-separated values). Each input array will be printed as a single line. Fields are separated by a single tab (ascii 0x09). Input characters line-feed (ascii 0x0a), carriage-return (ascii 0x0d), tab (ascii 0x09) and backslash (ascii 0x5c) will be output as escape sequences \n, \r, \t, \\ respectively.

@sh:

The input is escaped suitable for use in a command-line for a POSIX shell. If the input is an array, the output will be a series of space-separated strings.

@base64:

The input is converted to base64 as specified by RFC 4648.

This syntax can be combined with string interpolation in a useful way. You can follow a @foo token with a string literal. The contents of the string literal will not be escaped. However, all interpolations made inside that string literal will be escaped. For instance,

@uri "https://www.google.com/search?q=\(.search)"

will produce the following output for the input {"search":"what is jq?"}:

"https://www.google.com/search?q=what%20is%20jq%3F"

Note that the slashes, question mark, etc. in the URL are not escaped, as they were part of the string literal.

Command	jq '@html'
Input	"This works if x < y"
Output	"This works if x < y"
Run

Command	jq '@sh "echo \(.)"'
Input	"O'Hara's Ale"
Output	"echo 'O'\\''Hara'\\''s Ale'"
Run

Dates

jq provides some basic date handling functionality, with some high-level and low-level builtins. In all cases these builtins deal exclusively with time in UTC.

The fromdateiso8601 builtin parses datetimes in the ISO 8601 format to a number of seconds since the Unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). The todateiso8601 builtin does the inverse.

The fromdate builtin parses datetime strings. Currently fromdate only supports ISO 8601 datetime strings, but in the future it will attempt to parse datetime strings in more formats.

The todate builtin is an alias for todateiso8601.

The now builtin outputs the current time, in seconds since the Unix epoch.

Low-level jq interfaces to the C-library time functions are also provided: strptime, strftime, mktime, and gmtime. Refer to your host operating system's documentation for the format strings used by strptime and strftime. Note: these are not necessarily stable interfaces in jq, particularly as to their localization functionality.

The gmtime builtin consumes a number of seconds since the Unix epoch and outputs a "broken down time" representation of time as an array of numbers representing (in this order): the year, the month (zero-based), the day of the month, the hour of the day, the minute of the hour, the second of the minute, the day of the week, and the day of the year -- all one-based unless otherwise stated.

The mktime builtin consumes "broken down time" representations of time output by gmtime and strptime.

The strptime(fmt) builtin parses input strings matching the fmt argument. The output is in the "broken down time" representation consumed by gmtime and output by mktime.

The strftime(fmt) builtin formats a time with the given format.

The format strings for strptime and strftime are described in typical C library documentation. The format string for ISO 8601 datetime is "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ".

jq may not support some or all of this date functionality on some systems.

Command	jq 'fromdate'
Input	"2015-03-05T23:51:47Z"
Output	1425599507
Run

Command	jq 'strptime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")'
Input	"2015-03-05T23:51:47Z"
Output	[2015,2,5,23,51,47,4,63]
Run

Command	jq 'strptime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")\|mktime'
Input	"2015-03-05T23:51:47Z"
Output	1425599507
Run

Conditionals and Comparisons

`==`, `!=`

The expression 'a == b' will produce 'true' if the result of a and b are equal (that is, if they represent equivalent JSON documents) and 'false' otherwise. In particular, strings are never considered equal to numbers. If you're coming from JavaScript, jq's == is like JavaScript's === - considering values equal only when they have the same type as well as the same value.

!= is "not equal", and 'a != b' returns the opposite value of 'a == b'

Command	jq '.[] == 1'
Input	[1, 1.0, "1", "banana"]
Output	true
	true
	false
	false
Run

if-then-else-end

if A then B else C end will act the same as B if A produces a value other than false or null, but act the same as C otherwise.

Checking for false or null is a simpler notion of "truthiness" than is found in JavaScript or Python, but it means that you'll sometimes have to be more explicit about the condition you want: you can't test whether, e.g. a string is empty using if .name then A else B end, you'll need something more like if (.name | length) > 0 then A else B end instead.

If the condition A produces multiple results, then B is evaluated once for each result that is not false or null, and C is evaluated once for each false or null.

More cases can be added to an if using elif A then B syntax.

Command	jq 'if . == 0 then "zero" elif . == 1 then "one" else "many" end'
Input	2
Output	"many"
Run

`>`, `>=`, `<=`, `<`

The comparison operators >, >=, <=, < return whether their left argument is greater than, greater than or equal to, less than or equal to or less than their right argument (respectively).

The ordering is the same as that described for sort, above.

Command	jq '. < 5'
Input	2
Output	true
Run

`and`, `or`, `not`

jq supports the normal Boolean operators and, or, not. They have the same standard of truth as if expressions - false and null are considered "false values", and anything else is a "true value".

If an operand of one of these operators produces multiple results, the operator itself will produce a result for each input.

not is in fact a builtin function rather than an operator, so it is called as a filter to which things can be piped rather than with special syntax, as in .foo and .bar | not.

These three only produce the values true and false, and so are only useful for genuine Boolean operations, rather than the common Perl/Python/Ruby idiom of "value_that_may_be_null or default". If you want to use this form of "or", picking between two values rather than evaluating a condition, see the // operator below.

Command	jq '42 and "a string"'
Input	null
Output	true
Run

Command	jq '(true, false) or false'
Input	null
Output	true
	false
Run

Command	jq '(true, true) and (true, false)'
Input	null
Output	true
	false
	true
	false
Run

Command	jq '[true, false \| not]'
Input	null
Output	[false, true]
Run

Alternative operator: `//`

A filter of the form a // b produces the same results as a, if a produces results other than false and null. Otherwise, a // b produces the same results as b.

This is useful for providing defaults: .foo // 1 will evaluate to 1 if there's no .foo element in the input. It's similar to how or is sometimes used in Python (jq's or operator is reserved for strictly Boolean operations).

Command	jq '.foo // 42'
Input	{"foo": 19}
Output	19
Run

Command	jq '.foo // 42'
Input	{}
Output	42
Run

try-catch

Errors can be caught by using try EXP catch EXP. The first expression is executed, and if it fails then the second is executed with the error message. The output of the handler, if any, is output as if it had been the output of the expression to try.

The try EXP form uses empty as the exception handler.

Command	jq 'try .a catch ". is not an object"'
Input	true
Output	". is not an object"
Run

Command	jq '[.[]\|try .a]'
Input	[{}, true, {"a":1}]
Output	[null, 1]
Run

Command	jq 'try error("some exception") catch .'
Input	true
Output	"some exception"
Run

Breaking out of control structures

A convenient use of try/catch is to break out of control structures like reduce, foreach, while, and so on.

For example:

# Repeat an expression until it raises "break" as an
# error, then stop repeating without re-raising the error.
# But if the error caught is not "break" then re-raise it.
try repeat(exp) catch if .=="break" then empty else error

jq has a syntax for named lexical labels to "break" or "go (back) to":

label $out | ... break $out ...

The break $label_name expression will cause the program to act as though the nearest (to the left) label $label_name produced empty.

The relationship between the break and corresponding label is lexical: the label has to be "visible" from the break.

To break out of a reduce, for example:

label $out | reduce .[] as $item (null; if .==false then break $out else ... end)

The following jq program produces a syntax error:

break $out

because no label $out is visible.

`?` operator

The ? operator, used as EXP?, is shorthand for try EXP.

Command	jq '[.[]\|(.a)?]'
Input	[{}, true, {"a":1}]
Output	[null, 1]
Run

Regular expressions

jq uses the Oniguruma regular expression library, as do PHP, Ruby, TextMate, Sublime Text, etc, so the description here will focus on jq specifics.

The jq regex filters are defined so that they can be used using one of these patterns:

STRING | FILTER(REGEX)
STRING | FILTER(REGEX; FLAGS)
STRING | FILTER([REGEX])
STRING | FILTER([REGEX, FLAGS])

where:

STRING, REGEX, and FLAGS are jq strings and subject to jq string interpolation;
REGEX, after string interpolation, should be a valid regular expression;
FILTER is one of test, match, or capture, as described below.

FLAGS is a string consisting of one of more of the supported flags:

g - Global search (find all matches, not just the first)
i - Case insensitive search
m - Multi line mode (. will match newlines)
n - Ignore empty matches
p - Both s and m modes are enabled
s - Single line mode (^ -> \A, $ -> \Z)
l - Find longest possible matches
x - Extended regex format (ignore whitespace and comments)

To match a whitespace with the x flag, use \s, e.g.

jq -n '"a b" | test("a\\sb"; "x")'

Note that certain flags may also be specified within REGEX, e.g.

jq -n '("test", "TEst", "teST", "TEST") | test("(?i)te(?-i)st")'

evaluates to: true, true, false, false.

`test(val)`, `test(regex; flags)`

Like match, but does not return match objects, only true or false for whether or not the regex matches the input.

Command	jq 'test("foo")'
Input	"foo"
Output	true
Run

Command	jq '.[] \| test("a b c # spaces are ignored"; "ix")'
Input	["xabcd", "ABC"]
Output	true
	true
Run

`match(val)`, `match(regex; flags)`

match outputs an object for each match it finds. Matches have the following fields:

offset - offset in UTF-8 codepoints from the beginning of the input
length - length in UTF-8 codepoints of the match
string - the string that it matched
captures - an array of objects representing capturing groups.

Capturing group objects have the following fields:

offset - offset in UTF-8 codepoints from the beginning of the input
length - length in UTF-8 codepoints of this capturing group
string - the string that was captured
name - the name of the capturing group (or null if it was unnamed)

Capturing groups that did not match anything return an offset of -1

Command	jq 'match("(abc)+"; "g")'
Input	"abc abc"
Output	{"offset": 0, "length": 3, "string": "abc", "captures": [{"offset": 0, "length": 3, "string": "abc", "name": null}]}
	{"offset": 4, "length": 3, "string": "abc", "captures": [{"offset": 4, "length": 3, "string": "abc", "name": null}]}
Run

Command	jq 'match("foo")'
Input	"foo bar foo"
Output	{"offset": 0, "length": 3, "string": "foo", "captures": []}
Run

Command	jq 'match(["foo", "ig"])'
Input	"foo bar FOO"
Output	{"offset": 0, "length": 3, "string": "foo", "captures": []}
	{"offset": 8, "length": 3, "string": "FOO", "captures": []}
Run

Command	jq 'match("foo (?<bar123>bar)? foo"; "ig")'
Input	"foo bar foo foo foo"
Output	{"offset": 0, "length": 11, "string": "foo bar foo", "captures": [{"offset": 4, "length": 3, "string": "bar", "name": "bar123"}]}
	{"offset": 12, "length": 8, "string": "foo foo", "captures": [{"offset": -1, "length": 0, "string": null, "name": "bar123"}]}
Run

Command	jq '[ match("."; "g")] \| length'
Input	"abc"
Output	3
Run

`capture(val)`, `capture(regex; flags)`

Collects the named captures in a JSON object, with the name of each capture as the key, and the matched string as the corresponding value.

Command	jq 'capture("(?<a>[a-z]+)-(?<n>[0-9]+)")'
Input	"xyzzy-14"
Output	{ "a": "xyzzy", "n": "14" }
Run

`scan(regex)`, `scan(regex; flags)`

Emit a stream of the non-overlapping substrings of the input that match the regex in accordance with the flags, if any have been specified. If there is no match, the stream is empty. To capture all the matches for each input string, use the idiom [ expr ], e.g. [ scan(regex) ].

Command	jq 'scan("c")'
Input	"abcdefabc"
Output	"c"
	"c"
Run

`split(regex; flags)`

For backwards compatibility, split splits on a string, not a regex.

Command	jq 'split(", *"; null)'
Input	"ab,cd, ef"
Output	["ab","cd","ef"]
Run

`splits(regex)`, `splits(regex; flags)`

These provide the same results as their split counterparts, but as a stream instead of an array.

Command	jq 'splits(", *")'
Input	"ab,cd, ef, gh"
Output	"ab"
	"cd"
	"ef"
	"gh"
Run

`sub(regex; tostring)` `sub(regex; string; flags)`

Emit the string obtained by replacing the first match of regex in the input string with tostring, after interpolation. tostring should be a jq string, and may contain references to named captures. The named captures are, in effect, presented as a JSON object (as constructed by capture) to tostring, so a reference to a captured variable named "x" would take the form: "\(.x)".

Command	jq 'sub("[^a-z]*(?<x>[a-z]+)"; "Z\(.x)"; "g")'
Input	"123abc456def"
Output	"ZabcZdef"
Run

`gsub(regex; string)`, `gsub(regex; string; flags)`

gsub is like sub but all the non-overlapping occurrences of the regex are replaced by the string, after interpolation.

Command	jq 'gsub("(?<x>.)[^a]*"; "+\(.x)-")'
Input	"Abcabc"
Output	"+A-+a-"
Run

Advanced features

Variables are an absolute necessity in most programming languages, but they're relegated to an "advanced feature" in jq.

In most languages, variables are the only means of passing around data. If you calculate a value, and you want to use it more than once, you'll need to store it in a variable. To pass a value to another part of the program, you'll need that part of the program to define a variable (as a function parameter, object member, or whatever) in which to place the data.

It is also possible to define functions in jq, although this is is a feature whose biggest use is defining jq's standard library (many jq functions such as map and select are in fact written in jq).

jq has reduction operators, which are very powerful but a bit tricky. Again, these are mostly used internally, to define some useful bits of jq's standard library.

It may not be obvious at first, but jq is all about generators (yes, as often found in other languages). Some utilities are provided to help deal with generators.

Some minimal I/O support (besides reading JSON from standard input, and writing JSON to standard output) is available.

Finally, there is a module/library system.

Variables

In jq, all filters have an input and an output, so manual plumbing is not necessary to pass a value from one part of a program to the next. Many expressions, for instance a + b, pass their input to two distinct subexpressions (here a and b are both passed the same input), so variables aren't usually necessary in order to use a value twice.

For instance, calculating the average value of an array of numbers requires a few variables in most languages - at least one to hold the array, perhaps one for each element or for a loop counter. In jq, it's simply add / length - the add expression is given the array and produces its sum, and the length expression is given the array and produces its length.

So, there's generally a cleaner way to solve most problems in jq than defining variables. Still, sometimes they do make things easier, so jq lets you define variables using expression as $variable. All variable names start with $. Here's a slightly uglier version of the array-averaging example:

length as $array_length | add / $array_length

We'll need a more complicated problem to find a situation where using variables actually makes our lives easier.

Suppose we have an array of blog posts, with "author" and "title" fields, and another object which is used to map author usernames to real names. Our input looks like:

{"posts": [{"title": "First post", "author": "anon"},
           {"title": "A well-written article", "author": "person1"}],
 "realnames": {"anon": "Anonymous Coward",
               "person1": "Person McPherson"}}

We want to produce the posts with the author field containing a real name, as in:

{"title": "First post", "author": "Anonymous Coward"}
{"title": "A well-written article", "author": "Person McPherson"}

We use a variable, $names, to store the realnames object, so that we can refer to it later when looking up author usernames:

.realnames as $names | .posts[] | {title, author: $names[.author]}

The expression exp as $x | ... means: for each value of expression exp, run the rest of the pipeline with the entire original input, and with $x set to that value. Thus as functions as something of a foreach loop.

Just as {foo} is a handy way of writing {foo: .foo}, so {$foo} is a handy way of writing {foo: $foo}.

Multiple variables may be declared using a single as expression by providing a pattern that matches the structure of the input (this is known as "destructuring"):

. as {realnames: $names, posts: [$first, $second]} | ...

The variable declarations in array patterns (e.g., . as [$first, $second]) bind to the elements of the array in from the element at index zero on up, in order. When there is no value at the index for an array pattern element, null is bound to that variable.

Variables are scoped over the rest of the expression that defines them, so

.realnames as $names | (.posts[] | {title, author: $names[.author]})

will work, but

(.realnames as $names | .posts[]) | {title, author: $names[.author]}

won't.

For programming language theorists, it's more accurate to say that jq variables are lexically-scoped bindings. In particular there's no way to change the value of a binding; one can only setup a new binding with the same name, but which will not be visible where the old one was.

Command	jq '.bar as $x \| .foo \| . + $x'
Input	{"foo":10, "bar":200}
Output	210
Run

Command	jq '. as $i\|[(.*2\|. as $i\| $i), $i]'
Input	5
Output	[10,5]
Run

Command	jq '. as [$a, $b, {c: $c}] \| $a + $b + $c'
Input	[2, 3, {"c": 4, "d": 5}]
Output	9
Run

Command	jq '.[] as [$a, $b] \| {a: $a, b: $b}'
Input	[[0], [0, 1], [2, 1, 0]]
Output	{"a":0,"b":null}
	{"a":0,"b":1}
	{"a":2,"b":1}
Run

Defining Functions

You can give a filter a name using "def" syntax:

def increment: . + 1;

From then on, increment is usable as a filter just like a builtin function (in fact, this is how some of the builtins are defined). A function may take arguments:

def map(f): [.[] | f];

Arguments are passed as filters, not as values. The same argument may be referenced multiple times with different inputs (here f is run for each element of the input array). Arguments to a function work more like callbacks than like value arguments. This is important to understand. Consider:

def foo(f): f|f;
5|foo(.*2)

The result will be 20 because f is .*2, and during the first invocation of f . will be 5, and the second time it will be 10 (5 * 2), so the result will be 20. Function arguments are filters, and filters expect an input when invoked.

If you want the value-argument behaviour for defining simple functions, you can just use a variable:

def addvalue(f): f as $f | map(. + $f);

Or use the short-hand:

def addvalue($f): ...;

With either definition, addvalue(.foo) will add the current input's .foo field to each element of the array.

Multiple definitions using the same function name are allowed. Each re-definition replaces the previous one for the same number of function arguments, but only for references from functions (or main program) subsequent to the re-definition.

Command	jq 'def addvalue(f): . + [f]; map(addvalue(.[0]))'
Input	[[1,2],[10,20]]
Output	[[1,2,1], [10,20,10]]
Run

Command	jq 'def addvalue(f): f as $x \| map(. + $x); addvalue(.[0])'
Input	[[1,2],[10,20]]
Output	[[1,2,1,2], [10,20,1,2]]
Run

`limit(n; exp)`

The limit function extracts up to n outputs from exp.

Command	jq '[limit(3;.[])]'
Input	[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
Output	[0,1,2]
Run

`first(expr)`, `last(expr)`, `nth(n; expr)`

The first(expr) and last(expr) functions extract the first and last values from expr, respectively.

The nth(n; expr) function extracts the nth value output by expr. This can be defined as def nth(n; expr): last(limit(n + 1; expr));. Note that nth(n; expr) doesn't support negative values of n.

Command	jq '[first(range(.)), last(range(.)), nth(./2; range(.))]'
Input	10
Output	[0,9,5]
Run

`first`, `last`, `nth(n)`

The first and last functions extract the first and last values from any array at ..

The nth(n) function extracts the nth value of any array at ..

Command	jq '[range(.)]\|[first, last, nth(5)]'
Input	10
Output	[0,9,5]
Run

`reduce`

The reduce syntax allows you to combine all of the results of an expression by accumulating them into a single answer. The form is reduce EXP as $var (INIT; UPDATE). As an example, we'll pass [1,2,3] to this expression:

reduce .[] as $item (0; . + $item)

For each result that .[] produces, . + $item is run to accumulate a running total, starting from 0 as the input value. In this example, .[] produces the results 1, 2, and 3, so the effect is similar to running something like this:

0 | 1 as $item | . + $item |
    2 as $item | . + $item |
    3 as $item | . + $item

Command	jq 'reduce .[] as $item (0; . + $item)'
Input	[1,2,3,4,5]
Output	15
Run

Command	jq 'reduce .[] as [$i,$j] (0; . + $i * $j)'
Input	[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]
Output	44
Run

Command	jq 'reduce .[] as {$x,$y} (null; .x += $x \| .y += [$y])'
Input	[{"x":"a","y":1},{"x":"b","y":2},{"x":"c","y":3}]
Output	{"x":"abc","y":[1,2,3]}
Run

`foreach`

The foreach syntax is similar to reduce, but intended to allow the construction of limit and reducers that produce intermediate results.

The form is foreach EXP as $var (INIT; UPDATE; EXTRACT). As an example, we'll pass [1,2,3] to this expression:

foreach .[] as $item (0; . + $item; [$item, . * 2])

Like the reduce syntax, . + $item is run for each result that .[] produces, but [$item, . * 2] is run for each intermediate values. In this example, since the intermediate values are 1, 3, and 6, the foreach expression produces [1,2], [2,6], and [3,12]. So the effect is similar to running something like this:

0 | 1 as $item | . + $item | [$item, . * 2],
    2 as $item | . + $item | [$item, . * 2],
    3 as $item | . + $item | [$item, . * 2]

When EXTRACT is omitted, the identity filter is used. That is, it outputs the intermediate values as they are.

Command	jq 'foreach .[] as $item (0; . + $item)'
Input	[1,2,3,4,5]
Output	1
	3
	6
	10
	15
Run

Command	jq 'foreach .[] as $item (0; . + $item; [$item, . * 2])'
Input	[1,2,3,4,5]
Output	[1,2]
	[2,6]
	[3,12]
	[4,20]
	[5,30]
Run

Command	jq 'foreach .[] as $item (0; . + 1; {index: ., $item})'
Input	["foo", "bar", "baz"]
Output	{"index":1,"item":"foo"}
	{"index":2,"item":"bar"}
	{"index":3,"item":"baz"}
Run

Recursion

As described above, recurse uses recursion, and any jq function can be recursive. The while builtin is also implemented in terms of recursion.

Tail calls are optimized whenever the expression to the left of the recursive call outputs its last value. In practice this means that the expression to the left of the recursive call should not produce more than one output for each input.

For example:

def recurse(f): def r: ., (f | select(. != null) | r); r;

def while(cond; update):
  def _while:
    if cond then ., (update | _while) else empty end;
  _while;

def repeat(exp):
  def _repeat:
    exp, _repeat;
  _repeat;

Generators and iterators

Some jq operators and functions are actually generators in that they can produce zero, one, or more values for each input, just as one might expect in other programming languages that have generators. For example, .[] generates all the values in its input (which must be an array or an object), range(0; 10) generates the integers between 0 and 10, and so on.

Even the comma operator is a generator, generating first the values generated by the expression to the left of the comma, then for each of those, the values generate by the expression on the right of the comma.

The empty builtin is the generator that produces zero outputs. The empty builtin backtracks to the preceding generator expression.

All jq functions can be generators just by using builtin generators. It is also possible to define new generators using only recursion and the comma operator. If the recursive call(s) is(are) "in tail position" then the generator will be efficient. In the example below the recursive call by _range to itself is in tail position. The example shows off three advanced topics: tail recursion, generator construction, and sub-functions.

Command	jq 'def range(init; upto; by): def _range: if (by > 0 and . < upto) or (by < 0 and . > upto) then ., ((.+by)\|_range) else . end; if by == 0 then init else init\|_range end \| select((by > 0 and . < upto) or (by < 0 and . > upto)); range(0; 10; 3)'
Input	null
Output	0
	3
	6
	9
Run

Command	jq 'def while(cond; update): def _while: if cond then ., (update \| _while) else empty end; _while; [while(.<100; .*2)]'
Input	1
Output	[1,2,4,8,16,32,64]
Run

Math

jq currently only has IEEE754 double-precision (64-bit) floating point number support.

Besides simple arithmetic operators such as +, jq also has most standard math functions from the C math library. C math functions that take a single input argument (e.g., sin()) are available as zero-argument jq functions. C math functions that take two input arguments (e.g., pow()) are available as two-argument jq functions that ignore ..

Availability of standard math functions depends on the availability of the corresponding math functions in your operating system and C math library. Unavailable math functions will be defined but will raise an error.

I/O

At this time jq has minimal support for I/O, mostly in the form of control over when inputs are read. Two builtins functions are provided for this, input and inputs, that read from the same sources (e.g., stdin, files named on the command-line) as jq itself. These two builtins, and jq's own reading actions, can be interleaved with each other.

One builtin provides minimal output capabilities, debug. (Recall that a jq program's output values are always output as JSON texts on stdout.) The debug builtin can have application-specific behavior, such as for executables that use the libjq C API but aren't the jq executable itself.

`input`

Outputs one new input.

echo 1 2 3 4 | jq '[., input]' # [1,2] [3,4]

`inputs`

Outputs all remaining inputs, one by one.

This is primarily useful for reductions over a program's inputs.

echo 1 2 3 | jq -n 'reduce inputs as $i (0; . + $i)' # 6

`debug`

Causes a debug message based on the input value to be produced. The jq executable wraps the input value with ["DEBUG:", <input-value>] and prints that and a newline on stderr, compactly. This may change in the future.

`input_filename`

Returns the name of the file whose input is currently being filtered. Note that this will not work well unless jq is running in a UTF-8 locale.

`input_line_number`

Returns the line number of the input currently being filtered.

Streaming

With the --stream option jq can parse input texts in a streaming fashion, allowing jq programs to start processing large JSON texts immediately rather than after the parse completes. If you have a single JSON text that is 1GB in size, streaming it will allow you to process it much more quickly.

However, streaming isn't easy to deal with as the jq program will have [<path>, <leaf-value>] (and a few other forms) as inputs.

Several builtins are provided to make handling streams easier.

The examples below use the streamed form of [0,[1]], which is [[0],0],[[1,0],1],[[1,0]],[[1]].

Streaming forms include [<path>, <leaf-value>] (to indicate any scalar value, empty array, or empty object), and [<path>] (to indicate the end of an array or object). Future versions of jq run with --stream and --seq may output additional forms such as ["error message"] when an input text fails to parse.

`truncate_stream(stream_expression)`

Consumes a number as input and truncates the corresponding number of path elements from the left of the outputs of the given streaming expression.

Command	jq 'truncate_stream([[0],1],[[1,0],2],[[1,0]],[[1]])'
Input	1
Output	[[0],2]
	[[0]]
Run

`fromstream(stream_expression)`

Outputs values corresponding to the stream expression's outputs.

Command	jq 'fromstream(1\|truncate_stream([[0],1],[[1,0],2],[[1,0]],[[1]]))'
Input	null
Output	[2]
Run

`tostream`

The tostream builtin outputs the streamed form of its input.

Command	jq '. as $dot\|fromstream($dot\|tostream)\|.==$dot'
Input	[0,[1,{"a":1},{"b":2}]]
Output	true
Run

Assignment

Assignment works a little differently in jq than in most programming languages. jq doesn't distinguish between references to and copies of something - two objects or arrays are either equal or not equal, without any further notion of being "the same object" or "not the same object".

If an object has two fields which are arrays, .foo and .bar, and you append something to .foo, then .bar will not get bigger. Even if you've just set .bar = .foo. If you're used to programming in languages like Python, Java, Ruby, JavaScript, etc. then you can think of it as though jq does a full deep copy of every object before it does the assignment (for performance, it doesn't actually do that, but that's the general idea).

All the assignment operators in jq have path expressions on the left-hand side.

`=`

The filter .foo = 1 will take as input an object and produce as output an object with the "foo" field set to 1. There is no notion of "modifying" or "changing" something in jq - all jq values are immutable. For instance,

.foo = .bar | .foo.baz = 1

will not have the side-effect of setting .bar.baz to be set to 1, as the similar-looking program in JavaScript, Python, Ruby or other languages would. Unlike these languages (but like Haskell and some other functional languages), there is no notion of two arrays or objects being "the same array" or "the same object". They can be equal, or not equal, but if we change one of them in no circumstances will the other change behind our backs.

This means that it's impossible to build circular values in jq (such as an array whose first element is itself). This is quite intentional, and ensures that anything a jq program can produce can be represented in JSON.

Note that the left-hand side of '=' refers to a value in .. Thus $var.foo = 1 won't work as expected ($var.foo is not a valid or useful path expression in .); use $var | .foo = 1 instead.

If the right-hand side of '=' produces multiple values, then for each such value jq will set the paths on the left-hand side to the value and then it will output the modified .. For example, (.a,.b)=range(2) outputs {"a":0,"b":0}, then {"a":1,"b":1}. The "update" assignment forms (see below) do not do this.

Note too that .a,.b=0 does not set .a and .b, but (.a,.b)=0 sets both.

`|=`

As well as the assignment operator '=', jq provides the "update" operator '|=', which takes a filter on the right-hand side and works out the new value for the property of . being assigned to by running the old value through this expression. For instance, .foo |= .+1 will build an object with the "foo" field set to the input's "foo" plus 1.

This example should show the difference between '=' and '|=':

Provide input '{"a": {"b": 10}, "b": 20}' to the programs:

.a = .b .a |= .b

The former will set the "a" field of the input to the "b" field of the input, and produce the output {"a": 20}. The latter will set the "a" field of the input to the "a" field's "b" field, producing {"a": 10}.

The left-hand side can be any general path expression; see path().

Note that the left-hand side of '|=' refers to a value in .. Thus $var.foo |= . + 1 won't work as expected ($var.foo is not a valid or useful path expression in .); use $var | .foo |= . + 1 instead.

If the right-hand side outputs multiple values, only the last one will be used.

Command	jq '(..\|select(type=="boolean")) \|= if . then 1 else 0 end'
Input	[true,false,[5,true,[true,[false]],false]]
Output	[1,0,[5,1,[1,[0]],0]]
Run

`+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, `%=`, `//=`

jq has a few operators of the form a op= b, which are all equivalent to a |= . op b. So, += 1 can be used to increment values.

Command	jq '.foo += 1'
Input	{"foo": 42}
Output	{"foo": 43}
Run

Complex assignments

Lots more things are allowed on the left-hand side of a jq assignment than in most languages. We've already seen simple field accesses on the left hand side, and it's no surprise that array accesses work just as well:

.posts[0].title = "JQ Manual"

What may come as a surprise is that the expression on the left may produce multiple results, referring to different points in the input document:

.posts[].comments |= . + ["this is great"]

That example appends the string "this is great" to the "comments" array of each post in the input (where the input is an object with a field "posts" which is an array of posts).

When jq encounters an assignment like 'a = b', it records the "path" taken to select a part of the input document while executing a. This path is then used to find which part of the input to change while executing the assignment. Any filter may be used on the left-hand side of an equals - whichever paths it selects from the input will be where the assignment is performed.

This is a very powerful operation. Suppose we wanted to add a comment to blog posts, using the same "blog" input above. This time, we only want to comment on the posts written by "stedolan". We can find those posts using the "select" function described earlier:

.posts[] | select(.author == "stedolan")

The paths provided by this operation point to each of the posts that "stedolan" wrote, and we can comment on each of them in the same way that we did before:

(.posts[] | select(.author == "stedolan") | .comments) |=
    . + ["terrible."]

Modules

jq has a library/module system. Modules are files whose names end in .jq.

Modules imported by a program are searched for in a default search path (see below). The import and include directives allow the importer to alter this path.

Paths in the a search path are subject to various substitutions.

For paths starting with "~/", the user's home directory is substituted for "~".

For paths starting with "$ORIGIN/", the directory where the jq executable is located is substituted for "$ORIGIN".

For paths starting with "./" or paths that are ".", the path of the including file is substituted for ".". For top-level programs given on the command-line, the current directory is used.

Import directives can optionally specify a search path to which the default is appended.

The default search path is the search path given to the -L command-line option, else ["~/.jq", "$ORIGIN/../lib/jq", "$ORIGIN/../lib"].

Null and empty string path elements terminate search path processing.

A dependency with relative path "foo/bar" would be searched for in "foo/bar.jq" and "foo/bar/bar.jq" in the given search path. This is intended to allow modules to be placed in a directory along with, for example, version control files, README files, and so on, but also to allow for single-file modules.

Consecutive components with the same name are not allowed to avoid ambiguities (e.g., "foo/foo").

For example, with -L$HOME/.jq a module foo can be found in $HOME/.jq/foo.jq and $HOME/.jq/foo/foo.jq.

If "$HOME/.jq" is a file, it is sourced into the main program.

`import RelativePathString as NAME [<metadata>];`

Imports a module found at the given path relative to a directory in a search path. A ".jq" suffix will be added to the relative path string. The module's symbols are prefixed with "NAME::".

The optional metadata must be a constant jq expression. It should be an object with keys like "homepage" and so on. At this time jq only uses the "search" key/value of the metadata. The metadata is also made available to users via the modulemeta builtin.

The "search" key in the metadata, if present, should have a string or array value (array of strings); this is the search path to be prefixed to the top-level search path.

`include RelativePathString [<metadata>];`

Imports a module found at the given path relative to a directory in a search path as if it were included in place. A ".jq" suffix will be added to the relative path string. The module's symbols are imported into the caller's namespace as if the module's content had been included directly.

`import RelativePathString as $NAME [<metadata>];`

Imports a JSON file found at the given path relative to a directory in a search path. A ".json" suffix will be added to the relative path string. The file's data will be available as $NAME::NAME.

The "search" key in the metadata, if present, should have a string or array value (array of strings); this is the search path to be prefixed to the top-level search path.

`module <metadata>;`

This directive is entirely optional. It's not required for proper operation. It serves only the purpose of providing metadata that can be read with the modulemeta builtin.

The metadata must be a constant jq expression. It should be an object with keys like "homepage". At this time jq doesn't use this metadata, but it is made available to users via the modulemeta builtin.

`modulemeta`

Takes a module name as input and outputs the module's metadata as an object, with the module's imports (including metadata) as an array value for the "deps" key.

Programs can use this to query a module's metadata, which they could then use to, for example, search for, download, and install missing dependencies.

jq 1.5 Manual

Invoking jq

Basic filters

.

.foo, .foo.bar

.foo?

.[<string>], .[<number>], .[<number>:<number>]

.[]

.[]?

,

|

Types and Values

Array construction: []

Objects: {}

Builtin operators and functions

Addition: +

Subtraction: -

Multiplication, division, modulo: *, /, %

length

keys, keys_unsorted

has(key)

in

path(path_expression)

del(path_expression)

to_entries, from_entries, with_entries(f)

select(boolean_expression)

arrays, objects, iterables, booleans, numbers, normals, finites, strings, nulls, values, scalars

empty

error, error(message)

$__loc__

map(f), map_values(f)

paths, paths(node_filter), leaf_paths

add

any, any(condition), any(generator; condition)

all, all(condition), all(generator; condition)

flatten, flatten(depth)

range(upto), range(from; upto), range(from; upto; by)

floor

sqrt

tonumber

tostring

type

infinite, nan, isinfinite, isnan, isfinite, isnormal

sort, sort_by(path_expression)

group_by(path_expression)

min, max, min_by(path_exp), max_by(path_exp)

unique, unique_by(path_exp)

reverse

contains(element)

indices(s)

index(s), rindex(s)

inside

startswith(str)

endswith(str)

combinations, combinations(n)

ltrimstr(str)

rtrimstr(str)

explode

implode

split

join(str)

ascii_downcase, ascii_upcase

while(cond; update)

until(cond; next)

recurse(f), recurse, recurse(f; condition), recurse_down

..

env

transpose

bsearch(x)

String interpolation: \(exp)